Introduction
“𝑊𝘩𝑒𝘯 𝘵ℎ𝘦 𝘙𝑜𝘭𝑙 𝐼𝘴 𝘊𝑎𝘭𝑙𝘦𝑑 𝑈𝘱 𝘠𝑜𝘯𝑑𝘦𝑟” 𝘪𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝘩𝑒𝘳𝑖𝘴ℎ𝘦𝑑 ℎ𝘺𝑚𝘯 𝘵ℎ𝘢𝑡 ℎ𝘢𝑠 𝑏𝘦𝑒𝘯 𝘱𝑜𝘱𝑢𝘭𝑎𝘳𝑖𝘻𝑒𝘥 𝘪𝑛 𝑣𝘢𝑟𝘪𝑜𝘶𝑠 𝑚𝘶𝑠𝘪𝑐𝘢𝑙 𝑓𝘰𝑟𝘮𝑠, 𝘯𝑜𝘵𝑎𝘣𝑙𝘺 𝘣𝑦 𝑇𝘩𝑒 𝑆𝘵𝑎𝘵𝑙𝘦𝑟 𝐵𝘳𝑜𝘵ℎ𝘦𝑟𝘴. 𝑊𝘳𝑖𝘵𝑡𝘦𝑛 𝑏𝘺 𝘑𝑎𝘮𝑒𝘴 𝘔. 𝐵𝘭𝑎𝘤𝑘 𝑖𝘯 1893, 𝘵ℎ𝘦 𝘴𝑜𝘯𝑔 𝑟𝘦𝑓𝘭𝑒𝘤𝑡𝘴 𝘵ℎ𝘦𝑚𝘦𝑠 𝑜𝘧 𝘧𝑎𝘪𝑡𝘩, ℎ𝘰𝑝𝘦, 𝑎𝘯𝑑 𝑡𝘩𝑒 𝑝𝘳𝑜𝘮𝑖𝘴𝑒 𝑜𝘧 𝘦𝑡𝘦𝑟𝘯𝑎𝘭 𝘭𝑖𝘧𝑒, 𝘳𝑒𝘴𝑜𝘯𝑎𝘵𝑖𝘯𝑔 𝑑𝘦𝑒𝘱𝑙𝘺 𝘸𝑖𝘵ℎ𝘪𝑛 𝐶𝘩𝑟𝘪𝑠𝘵𝑖𝘢𝑛 𝑐𝘰𝑚𝘮𝑢𝘯𝑖𝘵𝑖𝘦𝑠. 𝘛ℎ𝘦 𝘱ℎ𝘳𝑎𝘴𝑒 “𝘳𝑜𝘭𝑙 𝑐𝘢𝑙𝘭” 𝑠𝘺𝑚𝘣𝑜𝘭𝑖𝘻𝑒𝘴 𝘵ℎ𝘦 𝘮𝑜𝘮𝑒𝘯𝑡 𝑜𝘧 𝘫𝑢𝘥𝑔𝘮𝑒𝘯𝑡 𝑤𝘩𝑒𝘯 𝘣𝑒𝘭𝑖𝘦𝑣𝘦𝑟𝘴 𝘢𝑟𝘦 𝘨𝑎𝘵ℎ𝘦𝑟𝘦𝑑 𝑖𝘯 𝘩𝑒𝘢𝑣𝘦𝑛, 𝘰𝑓𝘧𝑒𝘳𝑖𝘯𝑔 𝑎 𝑠𝘦𝑛𝘴𝑒 𝑜𝘧 𝘤𝑜𝘮𝑓𝘰𝑟𝘵 𝘢𝑛𝘥 𝘢𝑠𝘴𝑢𝘳𝑎𝘯𝑐𝘦 𝘵𝑜 𝑡𝘩𝑜𝘴𝑒 𝑤𝘩𝑜 ℎ𝘢𝑣𝘦 𝘧𝑎𝘪𝑡𝘩.
𝘛ℎ𝘦 𝘚𝑡𝘢𝑡𝘭𝑒𝘳 𝘉𝑟𝘰𝑡𝘩𝑒𝘳𝑠, 𝘬𝑛𝘰𝑤𝘯 𝘧𝑜𝘳 𝘵ℎ𝘦𝑖𝘳 𝘩𝑎𝘳𝑚𝘰𝑛𝘪𝑜𝘶𝑠 𝑏𝘭𝑒𝘯𝑑 𝑜𝘧 𝘤𝑜𝘶𝑛𝘵𝑟𝘺 𝘢𝑛𝘥 𝘨𝑜𝘴𝑝𝘦𝑙 𝑚𝘶𝑠𝘪𝑐, 𝘣𝑟𝘰𝑢𝘨ℎ𝘵 𝘵ℎ𝘦𝑖𝘳 𝘶𝑛𝘪𝑞𝘶𝑒 𝑠𝘰𝑢𝘯𝑑 𝑡𝘰 𝘵ℎ𝘪𝑠 𝑡𝘪𝑚𝘦𝑙𝘦𝑠𝘴 𝘩𝑦𝘮𝑛, 𝘪𝑛𝘧𝑢𝘴𝑖𝘯𝑔 𝑖𝘵 𝘸𝑖𝘵ℎ 𝑤𝘢𝑟𝘮𝑡𝘩 𝘢𝑛𝘥 𝘴𝑖𝘯𝑐𝘦𝑟𝘪𝑡𝘺. 𝑇𝘩𝑒𝘪𝑟 𝑟𝘦𝑛𝘥𝑖𝘵𝑖𝘰𝑛 𝑐𝘢𝑝𝘵𝑢𝘳𝑒𝘴 𝘵ℎ𝘦 𝘦𝑠𝘴𝑒𝘯𝑐𝘦 𝘰𝑓 𝑡𝘩𝑒 𝑜𝘳𝑖𝘨𝑖𝘯𝑎𝘭 𝘭𝑦𝘳𝑖𝘤𝑠, 𝘦𝑚𝘱ℎ𝘢𝑠𝘪𝑧𝘪𝑛𝘨 𝘵ℎ𝘦 𝘢𝑛𝘵𝑖𝘤𝑖𝘱𝑎𝘵𝑖𝘰𝑛 𝑜𝘧 𝘴𝑝𝘪𝑟𝘪𝑡𝘶𝑎𝘭 𝘳𝑒𝘶𝑛𝘪𝑜𝘯 𝘢𝑛𝘥 𝘵ℎ𝘦 𝘫𝑜𝘺 𝘧𝑜𝘶𝑛𝘥 𝘪𝑛 𝑐𝘰𝑚𝘮𝑢𝘯𝑎𝘭 𝘸𝑜𝘳𝑠𝘩𝑖𝘱. 𝐴𝘴 𝘱𝑖𝘰𝑛𝘦𝑒𝘳𝑠 𝑜𝘧 𝘵ℎ𝘦 𝘤𝑜𝘶𝑛𝘵𝑟𝘺-𝘨𝑜𝘴𝑝𝘦𝑙 𝑔𝘦𝑛𝘳𝑒, 𝘛ℎ𝘦 𝘚𝑡𝘢𝑡𝘭𝑒𝘳 𝘉𝑟𝘰𝑡𝘩𝑒𝘳𝑠 ℎ𝘢𝑣𝘦 𝘱𝑙𝘢𝑦𝘦𝑑 𝑎 𝑠𝘪𝑔𝘯𝑖𝘧𝑖𝘤𝑎𝘯𝑡 𝑟𝘰𝑙𝘦 𝘪𝑛 𝑏𝘳𝑖𝘯𝑔𝘪𝑛𝘨 𝘨𝑜𝘴𝑝𝘦𝑙 𝑚𝘶𝑠𝘪𝑐 𝑡𝘰 𝘢 𝘣𝑟𝘰𝑎𝘥𝑒𝘳 𝘢𝑢𝘥𝑖𝘦𝑛𝘤𝑒, 𝘣𝑟𝘪𝑑𝘨𝑖𝘯𝑔 𝑡𝘳𝑎𝘥𝑖𝘵𝑖𝘰𝑛𝘢𝑙 𝑎𝘯𝑑 𝑐𝘰𝑛𝘵𝑒𝘮𝑝𝘰𝑟𝘢𝑟𝘺 𝘴𝑡𝘺𝑙𝘦𝑠.
𝑇𝘩𝑖𝘴 𝘴𝑜𝘯𝑔’𝑠 𝑒𝘯𝑑𝘶𝑟𝘪𝑛𝘨 𝘢𝑝𝘱𝑒𝘢𝑙 𝑙𝘪𝑒𝘴 𝘪𝑛 𝑖𝘵𝑠 𝑠𝘵𝑟𝘢𝑖𝘨ℎ𝘵𝑓𝘰𝑟𝘸𝑎𝘳𝑑 𝑚𝘦𝑠𝘴𝑎𝘨𝑒 𝑎𝘯𝑑 𝑢𝘱𝑙𝘪𝑓𝘵𝑖𝘯𝑔 𝑚𝘦𝑙𝘰𝑑𝘺, 𝑚𝘢𝑘𝘪𝑛𝘨 𝘪𝑡 𝑎 𝑓𝘢𝑣𝘰𝑟𝘪𝑡𝘦 𝘯𝑜𝘵 𝘰𝑛𝘭𝑦 𝑖𝘯 𝘤ℎ𝘶𝑟𝘤ℎ𝘦𝑠 𝑏𝘶𝑡 𝑎𝘭𝑠𝘰 𝘢𝑡 𝑓𝘢𝑚𝘪𝑙𝘺 𝘨𝑎𝘵ℎ𝘦𝑟𝘪𝑛𝘨𝑠 𝑎𝘯𝑑 𝑐𝘰𝑚𝘮𝑢𝘯𝑖𝘵𝑦 𝑒𝘷𝑒𝘯𝑡𝘴. 𝑇𝘩𝑒 𝑐𝘰𝑚𝘣𝑖𝘯𝑎𝘵𝑖𝘰𝑛 𝑜𝘧 𝘉𝑙𝘢𝑐𝘬’𝘴 𝘱𝑜𝘪𝑔𝘯𝑎𝘯𝑡 𝑙𝘺𝑟𝘪𝑐𝘴 𝘢𝑛𝘥 𝘛ℎ𝘦 𝘚𝑡𝘢𝑡𝘭𝑒𝘳 𝘉𝑟𝘰𝑡𝘩𝑒𝘳𝑠’ 𝘩𝑒𝘢𝑟𝘵𝑓𝘦𝑙𝘵 𝘪𝑛𝘵𝑒𝘳𝑝𝘳𝑒𝘵𝑎𝘵𝑖𝘰𝑛 ℎ𝘢𝑠 𝑠𝘰𝑙𝘪𝑑𝘪𝑓𝘪𝑒𝘥 “𝑊𝘩𝑒𝘯 𝘵ℎ𝘦 𝘙𝑜𝘭𝑙 𝐼𝘴 𝘊𝑎𝘭𝑙𝘦𝑑 𝑈𝘱 𝘠𝑜𝘯𝑑𝘦𝑟” 𝘢𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝘵𝑎𝘱𝑙𝘦 𝘪𝑛 𝑏𝘰𝑡𝘩 𝘵ℎ𝘦 𝘨𝑜𝘴𝑝𝘦𝑙 𝑎𝘯𝑑 𝑐𝘰𝑢𝘯𝑡𝘳𝑦 𝑚𝘶𝑠𝘪𝑐 𝑟𝘦𝑝𝘦𝑟𝘵𝑜𝘪𝑟𝘦𝑠. 𝘐𝑡𝘴 𝘭𝑒𝘨𝑎𝘤𝑦 𝑐𝘰𝑛𝘵𝑖𝘯𝑢𝘦𝑠 𝑡𝘰 𝘪𝑛𝘴𝑝𝘪𝑟𝘦 𝘢𝑛𝘥 𝘤𝑜𝘮𝑓𝘰𝑟𝘵 𝘭𝑖𝘴𝑡𝘦𝑛𝘦𝑟𝘴, 𝑟𝘦𝑚𝘪𝑛𝘥𝑖𝘯𝑔 𝑡𝘩𝑒𝘮 𝘰𝑓 𝑡𝘩𝑒 𝑝𝘳𝑜𝘮𝑖𝘴𝑒𝘴 𝘰𝑓 𝑓𝘢𝑖𝘵ℎ 𝑎𝘯𝑑 𝑡𝘩𝑒 𝑗𝘰𝑦 𝑜𝘧 𝘵𝑜𝘨𝑒𝘵ℎ𝘦𝑟𝘯𝑒𝘴𝑠 𝑖𝘯 𝘵ℎ𝘦 𝘩𝑒𝘳𝑒𝘢𝑓𝘵𝑒𝘳.